we provide the links which is already available on the internet. For any quarries, Disclaimer are requested to kindly contact us , We assured you we will do our best. We DO NOT SUPPORT PIRACY, this copy was provided for students who are financially troubled but deserving to learn. Thank you. DOWNLOAD — Fluid Mechanics By Frank White — Free Download PDF. We need Your Support, Kindly Share this Web Page with Other Friends. WISHING EVERY PERSON WHO GETS THIS MATERIAL FROM OUR SITE ALL THE VERY BEST!! Also Check : [PDF] Civil Engineering IS Indian Standards Code books collection for Soil and Foundation Engineering Free Download.

Contents 1 Description of a Book 2 About Author 3 Book Details 4 How to Download a Fluid Mechanics By Frank White 5 Preview 6 Other Useful Links. DOWNLOAD — Fluid Mechanics By Frank White — Free Download PDF Is This Material is Helpful to you Kindly Share It!!! RAJEEV NAIDU. nagarjunasingh rasaputra. HACI OSMAN BOYAN. Gonçalo Martins. T his text is an abbreviated version of standard thermodynamics, fluid mechanics , and heat transfer texts, covering topics that engineering students are most likely to need in their professional lives. The thermodynamics portion of this text is based on the text Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach by Y. Çengel and M. Boles, the fluid mechanics portion is based on Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications by Y. Çengel and J. Cimbala, and the heat transfer portion is based on Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach by Y.

Çengel, all published by McGraw-Hill. Most chapters are practically independent of each other and can be covered in any order. The text is well suited for curriculums that have a common introductory course or a two-course sequence on thermal-fluid sciences. It is recognized that all topics of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer cannot be covered adequately in a typical three-semester-hour course, and therefore, sacrifices must be made from depth if not from the breadth. Selecting the right topics and finding the proper level of depth and breadth are no small challenge for the instructors, and this text is intended to serve as the ground for such selection.

Students in a combined thermal-fluids course can gain a basic understanding of energy and energy interactions, various mechanisms of heat transfer, and fundamentals of fluid flow. Such a course can also instill in students the confidence and the background to do further reading of their own and to be able to communicate effectively with specialists in thermal-fluid sciences. O B J E C T I V E S This book is intended for use as a textbook in a first course in thermal-fluid sciences for undergraduate engineering students in their junior or senior year, and as a reference book for practicing engineers. Students are assumed to have an adequate background in calculus, physics, and engineering mechanics. The text contains sufficient material to give instructors flexibility and to accommodate their preferences on the right blend of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer for their students.

By careful selection of topics, an instructor can spend one-third, one-half, or two-thirds of the course on thermo-dynamics and the rest on selected topics of fluid mechanics and heat transfer. a Ans. b This part does not involve weight or gravity or location. c This acceleration would be the same on the earth or moon or anywhere. Many data in the literature are reported in inconvenient or arcane units suitable only to some industry or specialty or country. The engineer should convert these data to the SI or BG system before using them. This requires the systematic application of conversion factors, as in the following example. The absolute viscosity μ unit is the poise, named after J. The kinematic viscosity ν unit is the stokes, named after G.

C or the inside front cover. We repeat our advice: Faced with data in unusual units, convert them immediately to either SI or BG units because 1 it is more professional and 2 theoretical equations in fluid mechanics are dimensionally consistent and require no further conversion factors when these two fundamental unit systems are used, as the following example shows. b Show that consistent units result without additional conversion factors in SI units. c Repeat b for BG units. a Enter the SI units for each quantity from Table 1. No conversion factors are needed, which is true of all theoretical equations in fluid mechanics. c All terms have the unit of pounds-force per square foot. No conversion factors are needed in the BG system either. There is still a tendency in English-speaking countries to use pound-force per square inch as a pressure unit because the numbers are more manageable.

For example, standard atmospheric pressure is The pascal is a small unit because the newton is less than 14 lbf and a square meter is a very large area. Consistent Units Note that not only must all fluid mechanics equations be dimensionally homogeneous, one must also use consistent units; that is, each additive term must have the same units. There is no trouble doing this with the SI and BG systems, as in Example 1. For example, in Chap. However, the reader should be warned that many empirical formulas in the engineering literature, arising primarily from correlations of data, are dimensionally inconsistent.

Their units cannot be reconciled simply, and some terms may contain hidden variables. The quantity CV is the valve flow coefficient, which manufacturers tabulate in their valve brochures. Nor is the resolution of this discrepancy clear, although one hint is that the values of CV in the literature increase nearly as the square of the size of the valve. The presentation of experimental data in homogeneous form is the subject of dimensional analysis Chap. The discharge coefficient Cd is dimensionless and changes only moderately with valve size. Please believe—until we establish the fact in Chap. Meanwhile, we conclude that dimensionally inconsistent equations, though they occur in engineering practice, are misleading and vague and even dangerous, in the sense that they are often misused outside their range of applicability. Engineering results often are too small or too large for the common units, with too many zeros one way or the other.

For example, to write p 5 ,, Pa is long and awkward. Similarly, t 5 0. Such prefixes are common and convenient, in both the SI and BG systems. A complete list is given in Table 1. b Equation 1 is commonly taken to be valid in BG units with n taken as dimensionless. Rewrite it in SI form. If n is dimensionless and it is never listed with units in textbooks , the number 1. The effects of water viscosity and density are hidden in the numerical value 1. If the formula is valid in BG units, then it must equal 1. By using the SI conversion for length, we obtain 1.

b with R in meters and V in meters per second. It was later converted to BG units. Such dimensionally inconsistent formulas are dangerous and should either be reanalyzed or treated as having very limited application. In almost all cases, the emphasis is on the space—time distribution of the fluid properties. One rarely keeps track of the actual fate of the specific fluid particles. This treatment of properties as continuum-field functions distinguishes fluid mechanics from solid mechanics, where we are more likely to be interested in the trajectories of individual particles or systems. The Velocity Field Foremost among the properties of a flow is the velocity field V x, y, z, t. In fact, determining the velocity is often tantamount to solving a flow problem, since other properties follow directly from the velocity field. Chapter 2 is devoted to the calculation of the pressure field once the velocity field is known. Books on heat transfer for example, Ref.

In general, velocity is a vector function of position and time and thus has three components u, v, and w, each a scalar field in itself: V x, y, z, t 5 iu x, y, z, t 1 jv x, y, z, t 1 kw x, y, z, t 1. Much of this textbook, especially Chaps. In order to follow a particle in the Eulerian frame of reference, the final result for acceleration is nonlinear and quite complicated. Here we only give the formula: a5 dV 0V 0V 0V 0V 5 1u 1v 1w dt 0t 0x 0y 0z 1. We shall study this formula in detail in Chap. The last three terms in Eq. We have already introduced into the discussion the three most common such properties: 1. Pressure p 2. Density ρ 3. Temperature T 16 Chapter 1 Introduction These three are constant companions of the velocity vector in flow analyses. Four other intensive thermodynamic properties become important when work, heat, and energy balances are treated Chaps.

Coefficient of viscosity μ 9. Thermal conductivity k All nine of these quantities are true thermodynamic properties that are determined by the thermodynamic condition or state of the fluid. For example, for a single-phase substance such as water or oxygen, two basic properties such as pressure and temperature are sufficient to fix the value of all the others: ρ 5 ρ p, T h 5 h p, T μ 5 μ p, T and so on for every quantity in the list. Note that the specific volume, so important in thermodynamic analyses, is omitted here in favor of its inverse, the density ρ.

Recall that thermodynamic properties describe the state of a system—that is, a collection of matter of fixed identity that interacts with its surroundings. In most cases here the system will be a small fluid element, and all properties will be assumed to be continuum properties of the flow field: ρ 5 ρ x, y, z, t , and so on. Recall also that thermodynamics is normally concerned with static systems, whereas fluids are usually in variable motion with constantly changing properties. Do the properties retain their meaning in a fluid flow that is technically not in equilibrium?

The answer is yes, from a statistical argument. In gases at normal pressure and even more so for liquids , an enormous number of molecular collisions occur over a very short distance of the order of 1 μm, so that a fluid subjected to sudden changes rapidly adjusts itself toward equilibrium. We therefore assume that all the thermodynamic properties just listed exist as point functions in a flowing fluid and follow all the laws and state relations of ordinary equilibrium thermodynamics. There are, of course, important nonequilibrium effects such as chemical and nuclear reactions in flowing fluids, which are not treated in this text. Pressure Pressure is the compression stress at a point in a static fluid Fig.

Next to velocity, the pressure p is the most dynamic variable in fluid mechanics. Differences or gradients in pressure often drive a fluid flow, especially in ducts. In low-speed flows, the actual magnitude of the pressure is often not important, unless it drops so low as to cause vapor bubbles to form in a liquid. High-speed compressible gas flows Chap. It may vary considerably during high-speed flow of a gas Chap. Although engineers often use Celsius or Fahrenheit scales for convenience, many applications in this text require absolute Kelvin or Rankine temperature scales: °R 5 °F 1 Density The density of a fluid, denoted by ρ lowercase Greek rho , is its mass per unit volume.

Density is highly variable in gases and increases nearly proportionally to the pressure level. The heaviest common liquid is mercury, and the lightest gas is hydrogen. Thus, the physical parameters in various liquid and gas flows might vary considerably. The differences are often resolved by the use of dimensional analysis Chap. Other fluid densities are listed in Tables A. A , and in Ref. Specific Weight The specific weight of a fluid, denoted by γ lowercase Greek gamma , is its weight per unit volume. Just as a mass has a weight W 5 mg, density and specific weight are simply related by gravity: γ 5 ρg 1. In standard earth gravity, g 5 Thus, for example, the specific weights of air and water at C and 1 atm are approximately γair 5 1.

Specific weights of other fluids are given in Tables A. Specific Gravity Specific gravity, denoted by SG, is the ratio of a fluid density to a standard reference fluid, usually water at 48C for liquids and air for gases : SGgas 5 SGliquid 5 ρgas ρair 5 ρliquid ρwater ρgas 1. This is commonly denoted as internal energy û. A commonly accepted adjustment to this static situation for fluid flow is to add two more energy terms that arise from newtonian mechanics: potential energy and kinetic energy. The potential energy equals the work required to move the system of mass m from the origin to a position vector r 5 ix 1 jy 1 kz against a gravity field g. Its value is 2mg? r, or 2g? r per unit mass. The kinetic energy equals the work required to change the speed of the mass from zero to velocity V. Its value is 12 mV 2 or 12 V 2 per unit mass. Then by common convention the total stored energy e per unit mass in fluid mechanics is the sum of three terms: e 5 uˆ 1 12V 2 1 —g?

r 5 2gz. Then Eq. State Relations for Gases Thermodynamic properties are found both theoretically and experimentally to be related to each other by state relations that differ for each substance. As mentioned, we shall confine ourselves here to single-phase pure substances, such as water in its liquid phase. The second most common fluid, air, is a mixture of gases, but since the mixture ratios remain nearly constant between and K, in this temperature range air can be considered to be a pure substance. All gases at high temperatures and low pressures relative to their critical point are in good agreement with the perfect-gas law p 5 ρRT R 5 cp 2 cv 5 gas constant 1. Since Eq. Each gas has its own constant R, equal to a universal constant Λ divided by the molecular weight Rgas 5 ¶ Mgas 1. Most applications in this book are for air, whose molecular weight is M 5 For other gases, see Table A.

Most of the common gases—oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, helium, argon—are nearly ideal. This is not so true for steam, whose simplified temperature-entropy chart is shown in Fig. One proves in thermodynamics that Eq. Therefore, the specific heat cv also varies only with temperature: cv 5 a 0û dû b 5 5 cv T 0T ρ dT dû 5 cv T dT or 1. The critical point is pc 5 22, kPa, Tc 5 C, Sc 5 4. Except near the critical point, the smooth isobars tempt one to assume, often incorrectly, that the ideal-gas law is valid for steam. It is not, except at low pressure and high temperature: the upper right of the graph.

K 8 9 10 11 20 Chapter 1 Introduction The ratio of specific heats of a perfect gas is an important dimensionless parameter in compressible flow analysis Chap. Experimental values of the specific-heat ratio for eight common gases are shown in Fig. Nominal values are in Table A. Data from Ref. Typical steam operating conditions are often close to the critical point, so that the perfect-gas approximation is inaccurate. Then we must turn to the steam tables, either in tabular or CD-ROM form [23] or as online software [24]. Most online steam tables require a license fee, but the writer, in Example 1. Sometimes the error of using the perfect-gas law for steam can moderate, as the following example shows. Then we need the gas constant for steam, in English units. From Table A. Its propulsor can deliver up to 80, hp to the seawater. Model the submarine as an ellipsoid and estimate the maximum speed, in knots, of this ship.

There are no bow or stern bulbs. The total propulsive power available is 1 MW. What is the most efficient setting? Estimate the kite area that would tow the ship, unaided by the propeller, at a ship speed of 8 knots. The flag is 50 ft long, 30 ft wide, weighs lbf, and takes four strong people to raise it or lower it. Using Prob. Suppose that a tennis ball W Problems 0. This little car, with an empty weight of 64 lbf and a height of only 2. It has a reported drag coefficient 2. a What is the drag of this little car when on the course? b What horsepower is required to propel it? c Do a bit of research and explain why a value of miles per gallon is completely misleading in this particular case. A baseball weighs 0.

Using the data of Fig. Make an analytical estimate, using Fig. Air at C and 1 atm flows and levitates the sphere. a Plot the angle θ versus sphere diameter d in the range 1 cm d 15 cm. b Comment on the feasibility of this configuration. Neglect rod drag. The rolling resistance of 70 N is approximately constant. How far up the hill will the car come to a stop? It weighs about 36, lbf in air and ascends descends in the seawater due to about lbf of positive negative buoyancy. Noting that the front face of the ship is quite different for ascent and descent, a estimate the velocity for each direction, in meters per minute. b How long does it take to ascend from its maximum depth of m?

Lifting bodies—airfoils P7. It cruises at 10 km standard altitude with a lift coefficient of 0. The airfoil properties are given by Fig. If the plane is designed to land at V0 5 1. b What power is required for takeoff at the same speed? Momentum Sound speed: dp 1 V dV 5 0 ρ 9. There are four combinations of area change and Mach number, summarized in Fig. From earlier chapters we are used to subsonic behavior Ma , 1 : When area increases, velocity decreases and pressure increases, which is denoted a subsonic diffuser. But in supersonic flow Ma. The same opposing behavior occurs for an area decrease, which speeds up a subsonic flow and slows down a supersonic flow. What about the sonic point Ma 5 1? Since infinite acceleration is physically impossible, Eq. In Fig. The throat or converging—diverging section can smoothly accelerate a subsonic flow through sonic to supersonic flow, as in Fig. This is the only way a supersonic flow can be created by expanding the gas from a stagnant reservoir.

The bulge section fails; the bulge Mach number moves away from a sonic condition rather than toward it. Although supersonic flow downstream of a nozzle requires a sonic throat, the opposite is not true: A compressible gas can pass through a throat section without becoming sonic. In flow through the bulge b the flow at the bulge cannot be sonic on physical grounds. From Eqs. Equations 9. In many flows a critical sonic throat is not actually present, and the flow in the duct is either entirely subsonic or, more rarely, entirely supersonic. Choking From Eq. From Fig. Thus, for given stagnation conditions, the maximum possible mass flow passes through a duct when its throat is at the critical or sonic condition.

The duct is then said to be choked and can carry no additional mass flow unless the throat is widened. If the throat is constricted further, the mass flow through the duct must decrease. These are somewhat abstract facts, so let us illustrate with some examples. They can be modified to predict the actual nonmaximum mass flow at any section where local area A and pressure p are known. A few values may be tabulated here for k 5 1. One could interpolate in Table B. But Excel can iterate Eq. A poor guess of Ma 5 0. For supersonic flow, iteration of Eq. Instead, simply try different Mach numbers in Eq. A poor guess of Ma 5 2.

Improve the guess to Ma 5 2. Interpolate to Ma 5 2. Finally settle on Ma 5 2. These calculations simply require that you retype your guess for Ma, check the error, and convergence only depends upon your cleverness. The proper solution cannot be selected without further information, such as known pressure or temperature at the given duct section. EXAMPLE 9. At section 1 the area is 0. Assume k 5 1. With V1 and T1 known, the energy equation 9. Hence Ma1 5 Part c V1 5 5 0. b With Ma1 known, the stagnation pressure follows from Eq. c Similarly, from Eq. d This throat must actually be present in the duct if the flow is to become supersonic. So to compute the mass flow we can use Eqs. Guess Ma2 at section 2E, from Fig. Enter this guess into Eq. The Excel table is: Ma — guess Ma 2 Eq. e The pressure is given by the isentropic relation p2 5 po 31 1 0. e Part e does not require a throat, sonic or otherwise; the flow could simply be contracting subsonically from A1 to A2.

Part f For supersonic flow at section 2F, again the area ratio is 0. On the right side of Fig. f Again the pressure is given by the isentropic relation at this new Mach number: p2 5 po 31 1 0. f Note that the supersonic-flow pressure level is much less than p2 in part e , and a sonic throat must have occurred between sections 1 and 2F. a With the exit Mach number known, the isentropic flow relations give the pressure and temperature: pe 5 p0 31 1 0. b Ans. d The exit area follows from the known throat area and exit Mach number and Eq. The exit was supersonic; therefore the throat is sonic and choked, and no further information is needed.

They can occur due to a higher downstream pressure, a sudden change in flow direction, blockage by a downstream body, or the result of an explosion. The simplest algebraically is a one-dimensional change, or normal shock wave, shown in Fig. We select a control volume just before and after the wave. The analysis is identical to that of Fig. To compute all property changes rather than just the wave speed, we use all our basic one-dimensional steady flow relations, letting section 1 be upstream and section 2 be downstream: Continuity: ρ1V1 5 ρ2V2 5 G 5 const Momentum: p1 2 p2 5 Energy: 1 2 2 V1 Perfect gas: Constant cp: h1 1 ρ2V22 2 ρ1V21 1 2 2 V2 5 h2 1 5 h0 5 const p1 p2 5 ρ 1 T1 ρ 2 T2 h 5 cpT k 5 const 9.

Thus a rarefaction shock is impossible in a perfect gas. Mach Number Relations For a perfect gas all the property ratios across the normal shock are unique functions of k and the upstream Mach number Ma1. For example, if we eliminate ρ2 and V2 from Eqs. p1 only if Ma1. Thus for flow through a normal shock wave, the upstream Mach number must be supersonic to satisfy the second law of thermodynamics. What about the downstream Mach number? From the perfect-gas identity ρV2 5 kp Ma2, we can rewrite Eq.

Fluid Mechanics written by Frank White is very useful for Civil Engineering Civil students and also who are all having an interest to develop their knowledge in the field of Building construction, Design, Materials Used and so on. This Book provides an clear examples on each and every topics covered in the contents of the book to provide an every user those who are read to develop their knowledge. The text presents the topic in a clear, simple, practical, logical and cogent fashion that provides the students with insights into theory as well as applications to practical problems. Fluid Mechanics written to meet exhaustively the requirements of various syllabus in the subject of the courses in B. Sc Engineering of various Indian Universities.

It is Equally suitable for UPSC, AIME and all other competitive examinations in the field of Engineering. You all must have this kind of questions in your mind. Below article will solve this puzzle of yours. Just take a look. The reason is the electronic devices divert your attention and also cause strains while reading eBooks. The wide variety of topics gives instructors many options for their course and is a useful resource to students long after graduation. Students can progress from general ones to those involving design multiple steps and computer usage. Connect is the only integrated learning system that empowers students by continuously adapting to deliver precisely what they need when they need it how they need it so that class time is more effective.

Fluid Mechanics written by Frank White detailed in the below table…. Step-1 : Read the Book Name and author Name thoroughly. Step-3 : Before Download the Material see the Preview of the Book. Step-4 : Click the Download link provided below to save your material in your local drive. LearnEngineering team try to Helping the students and others who cannot afford buying books is our aim. we provide the links which is already available on the internet. For any quarries, Disclaimer are requested to kindly contact us , We assured you we will do our best. We DO NOT SUPPORT PIRACY, this copy was provided for students who are financially troubled but deserving to learn. Thank you. DOWNLOAD — Fluid Mechanics By Frank White — Free Download PDF. We need Your Support, Kindly Share this Web Page with Other Friends. WISHING EVERY PERSON WHO GETS THIS MATERIAL FROM OUR SITE ALL THE VERY BEST!!

Also Check : [PDF] Civil Engineering IS Indian Standards Code books collection for Soil and Foundation Engineering Free Download. Contents 1 Description of a Book 2 About Author 3 Book Details 4 How to Download a Fluid Mechanics By Frank White 5 Preview 6 Other Useful Links. DOWNLOAD — Fluid Mechanics By Frank White — Free Download PDF Is This Material is Helpful to you Kindly Share It!!! Click Here To Download Mechanical Engineering Textbooks Huge Collection. Click Here To Download Civil Engineering Textbooks Huge Collection. Click Here To Download Computer Science and Engineering Textbooks Huge Collection.

Books Video icon An illustration of two cells of a film strip. The distance between molecules is very large compared with the molecular diameter. Chapter 2 is devoted to the calculation of the pressure field once the velocity field is known. The flow cannot deflect at once through the entire angle θmax, yet somehow the flow must get around the wedge. White Fluid Mechanics Fluid Mechanics Eighth Edition Frank M. Typical steam operating conditions are often close to the critical point, so that the perfect-gas approximation is inaccurate.

Categories:

• Games
• Music
• Movies
• Files
• Soft